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Information-Theoretic Cryptography (ITC) conference (guest post by Benny Applebaum)

September 23, 2019
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[The following is a guest post by Benny Applebaum announcing a new conference on information theoretic cryptography – an area with both beautiful math and important applications. –Boaz]

Deal friends,
We are happy to announce the birth of a new conference on Information-Theoretic Cryptography (ITC). Information-theoretic cryptography studies security in the presence of computationally unbounded adversaries and covers a wide array of topics at the intersection of cryptography, coding theory, information-theory and theory of computation. Notable examples include randomness extraction and privacy amplification, secret sharing, secure multiparty computation and proof systems, private-information retrieval and locally decodable codes, authentication codes and non-malleable codes, differential privacy, quantum information processing, and information-theoretic foundations of physical-layer security. See https://itcrypto.github.io for more information. 

ITC replaces the International Conference on Information Theoretic Security (ICITS), which was dedicated to the same topic and ran 2005-2017. ITC can be seen as a reboot of ICITS with a new name, a new steering committee and a renewed excitement.  (beware: there is  a fake website for ICITS 2019 created by a known fraudulent organization)  

The conference will have two tracks: a conference track and  a “greatest hits” track. The conference track will operate like a traditional conference with the usual review process and published proceedings. The “greatest hits” track consists of invited talks (not included in the proceedings) that highlight the most exciting recent advances in the area. We solicit nominations for “greatest hits” talks from the community.

The first ITC conference will take place in Boston, MA on June 17-19, 2020 (just before STOC).  The submission deadline for ITC 2020 is Dec 16, 2019 and the call for papers (including a nomination procedure for the greatest hits track) is available here:  https://itcrypto.github.io/2020.html

Please submit your best work to ITC 2020! We hope to see many of you there!

best regards,The Steering Committee:  Benny Applebaum (Chair), Ivan Damgård , Yevgeniy Dodis,  Yuval Ishai, Ueli Maurer,  Kobbi Nissim, Krzysztof Pietrzak, Manoj Prabhakaran, Adam Smith, Yael Tauman Kalai, Stefano Tessaro, Vinod Vaikuntanathan, Hoeteck Wee, Daniel Wichs, Mary Wootters,  Chaoping Xing, Moti Yung

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Swiss TCS winter school (guest post by David Steurer)

September 18, 2019
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[Guest post by David Steurer – seems like a great opportunity! –Boaz]

The Swiss Winter School on Lower Bounds and Communication Complexity (10-14 February 2020, https://theory.epfl.ch/WinterSchool2020/ ) is the first in a series of annual winter schools in Theoretical Computer Science jointly organized by EPFL and ETH Zurich. The goal of the school is to educate top international theory PhD students about exciting recent developments in the field. The winter school will be held in Zinal, a mountain village in the Swiss Alps that has a long tradition of hosting academic workshops and that allows for nice excursions and stimulating discussions in a relaxed atmosphere.

This year’s installment features an exciting trinity of speakers: Kasper Green Larsen (Data Structure Lower Bounds), Raghu Meka (Communication Complexity) and Amir Shpilka (Algebraic complexity).

The application deadline is November 15th 2019, and acceptance notifications will be sent by December 1st 2019. The application form is available at https://theory.epfl.ch/WinterSchool2020/. Attendance of the winter school is free of charge and includes room and board (shared rooms).

Organizers: Michael Kapralov (EPFL), David Steurer (ETH) , Ola Svennson (EPFL)

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Make equations blue in powerpoint

September 4, 2019
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Microsoft Powerpoint has a surprisingly powerful equation editor, which also allows to use latex macros such as \alpha to get \alpha.

I’ve blogged about the equation editor before but one pet peeve of mine was that I like to have my math in a different color, but never found a way to do this automatically. I finally decided to invest the time and find out how to do it. After a mere several years of investigation, I am happy to report that it is in fact possible to do so using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).

You can view the developer tab by following these instructions, and then click on “macros”, type a name such as All_eqs and click on “create” at which point you can add the following code:

Sub All_eqs()

Dim oSld As Slide
Dim oShp As Shape
Dim oShapes As Shapes
 
For Each oSld In ActivePresentation.Slides
  Set oShapes = oSld.Shapes
  For Each oShp In oShapes
   If oShp.HasTextFrame Then
      If oShp.TextFrame.HasText Then
                With oShp.TextFrame.TextRange
                    For x = 1 To .Characters.Count
                        If .Characters(x).Font.Name = "Cambria Math" Then
                            .Characters(x).Font.Color.RGB = RGB(0, 112, 192)
                        End If
                    Next x
                End With

    End If
    End If
    Next oShp
 Next oSld
End Sub
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Update on the Safe ToC initiative (guest post by Sandy Irani)

August 30, 2019
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[Guest post by Sandy Irani; see also the new website http://safetoc.org for more information on this initiative. –Boaz ]

Update and follow-up on the Safe ToC initiative: 

Last year, a group of us served on an ad hoc committee to combat harassment and discrimination in the Theory of Computing community.  In our report, we suggested a number of measures that the various theory conferences could adopt to help in this effort. At a minimum, we wanted conferences to adopt a code of conduct and to appoint volunteers to serve as ToC Advocates whose role will be to provide support to any individual who has experienced harassment at a conference.  Our full final report is now available here:

https://www.ics.uci.edu/~irani/ToC_SH_report.pdf

A small subset of the original committee along with Yuval Rabani in his capacity as IEEE TCMF chair are working on implementing some of the recommendations in the recent report. We have now launched a web site for the SafeToC Initiative: safetoc.org

So far, the support from the broader community has been strong. Quite a few conferences have passed resolutions to adopt the recommended practices in our report. The new web site lists all the participating conferences as well as the names of volunteers who have signed on to be ToC Advocates. The web site also provides information for ToC Advocates, conference organizers, and members of the ToC community. 

Participating conferences all have codes of conduct and are ensuring that participants agree to abide by the code as part of their registration process. In addition, some of these conferences are adopting new mechanisms for author-declared conflicts of interests. This is especially important if an author feels that he or she may receive an unfair review due to a previous harassment-related incident. 

Of course, the work is not done, and this important effort needs to continue. What can everyone do from here?

  • First, we are in need of trained ToC Advocates, to spread this important service around!  An advocate would be a designated conference attendee who would be available to provide support and information to anyone who has observed or experienced harassment at the conference The work is not difficult. Right now the training consists of an hour-long webinar sponsored by the ACM. We are envisioning one or two group Skype meetings per year to share experiences and best practices. If you are interested in serving as a ToC Advocate for a conference, you can contact someone on the steering committee for that conference.
  • Second, even if you are not serving as an Advocate, please familiarize yourself with the various codes of conduct, and perhaps even listen to a training video!  A larger community of invested bystanders who are aware of these issues and prepared to support and/or intervene as needed is critical. This does not have to mean formal reporting – even helping to diffuse a problematic situation or checking in on a colleague to be sure they are ok after a difficult conversation can make a big difference to someone involved in an incident.

We will continue to update the web page as participation in this effort grows. Thank you to everyone for helping to make our community a safe and welcoming place for everyone.

Erin Chambers
Martin Farach-Colton
Sandy Irani
Yuval Rabani

List of Resources:

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Sensitivity conjecture proved!

July 2, 2019
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In a recent breakthrough, Hao Huang gave a 6 page paper proving the longstanding sensitivity conjecture. (Hat tip, Scott Aaronson and Gil Kalai. See this stackexchange post and this paper of Avishai for some links to the literature on this.)

The proof is beautiful and simple. I will write a few words here, but it is probably easier for you to just read the paper. The sensitivity conjecture was known to follow from the following statement: let G_n be the Boolean Cube which is the degree n graph on N=2^n vertices identified with \{0,1\}^n such that for every x,y\in \{0,1\}^n, x \sim y if their Hamming distance is one. Then, the maximum degree of every subgraph H of G_n of size >N/2 is at least \sqrt{n}.

Hao proves the above statement by showing that there is a signing of the N\times N adjacency matrix of G_n that turns it into a matrix with N/2 eigenvalues equaling +\sqrt{n} and N/2 eigenvalues equaling -\sqrt{n}. That is, he shows (using a simple but clever inductive argument, see the 5 line proof of his Lemma 2.2) that there is an N\times N matrix A with entries in \{ 0, \pm 1 \} whose nonzero entries correspond to the edges of the Boolean cube, and such that all the N eigenvalues of A are \pm \sqrt{n} and they sum up to zero. (Note that this makes sense since A should have the same Frobenius norm as the adjacency matrix of G_n. The Frobenius norm squared is both the sum of squares of entries, which is N\cdot n for G_n which is a degree n graph, and also equal to the sum of squares of the eigenvalues, which is N\cdot n if all eigenvalues are \pm \sqrt{n}.)

Once you have such a signing, the result follows from Cauchy’s Interlace Theorem that says that for every N\times N matrix A and any M\times M matrix B that is a principle sub-matrix of A,

\lambda_{1+N-M}(A) \leq \lambda_1(B) \leq \lambda_1(A)

where \lambda_1(A) \geq \lambda_2(A) \cdots \geq \lambda_N(A) are the eigenvalues of A and \lambda_1(B) is the maximum eigenvalue of B. A corollary of this (which is the only fact we need) is that if A has its top eigenvalue \lambda_1(A) with multiplicity K (i.e., \lambda_1(A)=\lambda_K(A)), then every principle sub-matrix B of order larger than N-K will satisfy \lambda_1(B) = \lambda_1(A). (In fact, we only need \lambda_1(B) \geq \lambda_1(A).)

Indeed, suppose that H is a subgraph of the Boolean cube of size M>N/2. Then the principle submatrix B of A corresponding to the vertices of H satisfies \lambda_1(B) \geq \lambda_{1+N-M}(A) = \sqrt{n} (since M>N/2 and the first N/2 eigenvalues of A are +\sqrt{n}). But it’s easy to show that for every matrix B the maximum eigenvalue of B is upper bounded by the maximum \ell_1 norm of its rows, which in our case is the maximum degree of the graph H.

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TCS Women at STOC (guest post by Virginia Williams)

June 20, 2019
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[Guest post by Virgi Vassilevska Williams on the TCS women program at STOC. In particular the TCS Women Spotlight workshop has a great program and is open to all. –Boaz]
Dear all,
The TCS Women 2019 program is finalized: https://sigact.org/tcswomen/tcs-women-2019/. Here are some details:
On June 23rd, we have our TCS Women Spotlight workshop from 2 pm to 5 pm. This will feature an inspirational talk by Ronitt Rubinfeld (MIT & Tel Aviv University)–“Comedy of Errors”, and rising stars talks by Naama Ben-David (CMU), Debarati Das (Charles University), Andrea Lincoln (MIT) and Oxana Poburinnaya (Boston University). The workshop is open to all and we would love to see you all there.
 
On June 24th, we have the TCS Women lunch and panel of distinguished researchers from academia and industries. This year’s panelists include Shuchi Chawla (University of Wisconsin), Julia Chuzhoy (TTIC), Edith Cohen (Google), Faith Ellen (University of Toronto), Rachel Lin (University of Washington) and Nutan Limaye (Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai). The event is open to all women participants of FCRC.
 
In addition to these, there will be a TCS Women poster session held jointly with the STOC poster session on June 24th. Fourteen women researchers will be presenting posters on their research. More information is available on our website. All are welcome. 
 
We are providing travel scholarships to more than forty women students this year to attend STOC and FCRC. We secured funding from the NSF, Akamai, Amazon, Google and Microsoft. Thank you!
 
Looking forward to seeing you soon!
 
Best wishes,
The TCS Women organizers
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Intro-TCS rebooted

June 10, 2019
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This Spring and Summer I am doing some major editing to my text on introduction to theoretical computer science. I am adding figures (176 so far and counting..), examples, exercises, simplifying explanations, reducing footnotes, and mainly trying to make it more “user friendly” and less “idiosyncratic”. I am now adding in all chapters figures such as the following that outline the main results and how they are connected to one another.

Overview of the results in "Code and Data" chapter presenting universal circuit and the counting lower bound
Overview of the results in “Code and Data” chapter presenting universal circuit and the counting lower bound
Overview of the results in the "loops and infinity" chapter defining Turing Machines. A running theme in the book is the emphasis on distinguishing specification (the mathematical function being computed) from implementation (the algorithm, machine, or program doing the computation).
Overview of the results in the “loops and infinity” chapter defining Turing Machines. A running theme in the book is the emphasis on distinguishing specification (the mathematical function being computed) from implementation (the algorithm, machine, or program doing the computation).
Overview of the results in the chapter on universality and uncomputability. We use Sipser's metaphor on reductions as transforming a "pig that can whistle" (e.g., an algorithm for the deciding if a function halts on the zero input) into a "horse that can fly" (e.g., an algorithm for the general halting problem).
Overview of the results in the chapter on universality and uncomputability. We use Sipser’s metaphor on reductions as transforming a “pig that can whistle” (e.g., an algorithm for the deciding if a function halts on the zero input) into a “horse that can fly” (e.g., an algorithm for the general halting problem).




Specifically, in the previous version of the book I used programming languages as the main computational models. While I still think this is the right way if we were to “start from scratch”, these idiosyncratic models made it harder for students to use other resources such as textbooks and lecture notes. They also make it more difficult for instructors to use individual chapters in their courses without committing to using the full book.

Hence in the new revision the standard models of Turing Machines and Boolean Circuits are front and center. We do talk about the programming-language equivalents as well, since I think they are important for the connection to practice and some concepts such as the duality of code and data are better explained in these terms. I also use the programming-language variants to demonstrate concepts to students in code including compilers from circuits to straightline programs, various “syntactic sugar” transformations, and the Cook-Levin Theorem and NP reductions.

An equivalent description of a finite computation using straight-line programs and Boolean circuits. The supplementary code contains a Python implementation of the transformation between these two representations.



One thing did not change – we still start with Boolean Circuits rather than automata as the initial computational model. Boolean circuits are closer to actual implementations of computing, are a finite (and hence simpler) model, but one that is non-trivial enough to allow showing some important theorems early in the course including existence of a circuit for computing every finite function, the existence of a circuit to evaluate other circuits, and the counting lower bound as well as the counting lower bound.

Circuits are also crucial for later material in the course since they make the proof of the Cook-Levin Theorem much simpler and cleaner, allow talking about results such as BPP \subseteq P_{/poly} and Sipser-Gacs, and are crucial to be even able to state results in advanced topics such as derandomization, cryptography, and quantum computing.

Reduction of SAT to independent set from Chapter 13 in the book. On the right is the Python code implementing the reduction, on the left is the resulting independent set.
An instance of independent set obtained by chaining together the proof of the Cook-Levin Theorem together with the reduction of 3SAT to independent set. Figure taken from Chapter 14.



We do cover automata as well, including the equivalence of regular expressions and deterministic finite automata. We also cover context-free grammars (though not pushdown automata) and the λ calculus, including its equivalence with Turing Machines and the Y combinator (see also this notebook)

I have also done some work on the technical side of producing the book. The book is written in markdown. Markdown has many advantages but it wasn’t designed for 600-page technical books full of equations and cross-references so I did need to use some extensions to it. I am using pandoc (and my own filter) to produce both the HTML and LaTeX/PDF versions of the book.

There is still more work to do. I plan to add a chapter on space complexity and on proofs and computation (including both interactive and zero knowledge proofs, as well as the “propositions as types” correspondence between proofs and programs). I need to add more examples and exercises. There are also still several chapters where the text is “rough around the edges”.

As usual, the latest version of the book is available on https://introtcs.org . If you see any typo, problem, etc.., please post an issue on the GitHub repository (you can also make a pull request for small typo fixes if you prefer)

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